18 Apr Understanding Oral Tumors and Growths in Dogs
Just like in other areas of the body, growths or tumors can develop within your dog’s mouth, and early diagnosis is key to ensuring the best outcome for your pet.
When an oral mass is discovered, Cone Beam CT, dental X-rays, and a biopsy are typically the first diagnostic steps. Depending on your dog’s age, health status, and the characteristics of the growth, additional testing such as blood work, urinalysis, chest X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, or sampling of nearby lymph nodes may be recommended.
Why Early Detection Matters
The earlier a tumor is identified, the more treatment options are available, and the better the potential outcome. One of the most effective ways to catch oral growths early is by regularly examining your dog’s mouth at home. Pairing oral exams with daily tooth brushing is an excellent habit that benefits both dental health and early detection of problems.
Oral tumors in dogs are generally categorized as benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Here’s a closer look at the most commonly seen types in each category:
Benign Oral Tumors
Benign tumors typically do not spread to distant organs like the lungs or liver. However, they can still be locally invasive, causing discomfort, swelling, damage to nearby teeth, or even jaw fractures if left untreated.
Epulis (Gingival Growths):
“Epulis” is a broad term for any growth on the gums. These often result from chronic irritation and may be non-cancerous. In dogs, epulides are generally classified into three types: fibromatous, ossifying, and acanthomatous. A biopsy is essential to determine the exact type and guide treatment, which may include surgical removal.
Odontogenic Tumors and Cysts:
These growths arise from dental tissues and are generally non-malignant. While they don’t spread to other parts of the body, some can be aggressive locally, invading bone or neighboring teeth. Surgical removal is often recommended.
Cheek Chewer’s Granuloma:
This condition results from repeated self-trauma, usually from chewing the inside of the cheek or the edge of the tongue. It often appears in small, vocal dogs but can be seen in other breeds (and even cats). Treatment typically involves surgical removal of the thickened tissue and biopsy to rule out other conditions, such as eosinophilic granuloma, which can mimic the appearance of cheek chewer lesions.
Malignant Oral Tumors
Malignant tumors have the potential to spread (metastasize) to distant organs and often invade surrounding tissues. Prompt diagnosis and aggressive treatment can help extend your dog’s quality of life.
Malignant Melanoma (MM):
The most common malignant oral tumor in dogs, melanoma, can appear pigmented (dark) or non-pigmented. It frequently spreads to the lungs, lymph nodes, or bones. Surgery is the primary treatment, and additional options like radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a melanoma vaccine may be recommended to improve prognosis.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC):
The second most common malignant oral tumor, SCC’s behavior depends on its location. Tumors at the front of the mouth generally have a better prognosis, while those located further back (like the tonsils or base of the tongue) are more likely to metastasize. Early surgical removal is the preferred treatment, sometimes combined with radiation therapy.
Fibrosarcoma (FSA):
FSA is the third most common malignant oral tumor in dogs. These tumors are often large and locally invasive, sometimes growing into the nasal cavity. While they can metastasize, local recurrence is the more common concern. Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, though fibrosarcomas are typically less responsive to radiation and chemotherapy.
Concerned About Oral Growths in Your Dog’s Mouth?
If you notice any unusual lumps, bumps, swelling, or changes in your pet’s mouth, don’t wait—early evaluation is key.
Contact us at Animal Dental Specialists: (205) 988-8654
We’re here to help you get answers and provide the best care for your pet.
Images used under creative commons license – commercial use (04/18/2025) Photo by Yoav Hornung on Unsplash